What type of powers are explicitly given to Congress by the Constitution?

The correct answer is expressed powers, which are the specific powers granted to Congress by the Constitution. These powers are detailed primarily in Article I, Section 8, and include the authority to levy taxes, regulate commerce, declare war, and maintain an army and navy, among others. Expressed powers are also called enumerated powers because they are explicitly stated in the text of the Constitution.

In contrast, implied powers are those that are not specifically listed but are considered necessary to carry out the expressed powers; they are derived from the Necessary and Proper Clause. Inherent powers refer to those that any sovereign nation possesses, such as the power to control its borders and defend itself. Reserved powers are those powers that are not delegated to the federal government by the Constitution and are instead reserved for the states. Each of these categories plays a significant role in defining the scope of governmental authority but only expressed powers are clearly outlined and specifically assigned to Congress.